The first way of doing a repeated reference is when the footnotes are next to each other. For this, you use ibid (a Latin word, meaning 'in the same place'). You should never capitalize or italicize ibid.
In the example below, I have referenced a book by Raz in footnote 28. This is the first time Raz has been cited in my work, so I have given a full reference (see 'Footnotes'). I have referenced the same book in footnote 29. Instead of giving a full reference to the book again, I can use ibid. This tells the reader to look at the footnote above for the full reference. You can only use ibid when you are referencing the same source in both footnotes and the footnotes are next to each other (they follow each other in numerical sequence).
You can use this method of doing repeated references with case law and all types of secondary sources. However, the method of doing repeated references is different for legislation. Look at 'Repeated reference: Legislation' for further details.
The second way of doing a repeated reference is when the footnotes are NOT next to each other. For this, you identify the source you are referencing and you give the footnote number where a full reference to the source is located.
In the example below, I have referenced a book by Stevens in footnote 1. This is the first time Stevens has been cited in my work, so I have given a full reference (see 'Footnotes'). I have referenced the same book in footnote 26. The three dots in my example represent footnotes 2-25. I can't use ibid because footnotes 1 and 26 are not next to each other (they do not follow each other in numerical sequence). Instead of giving a full reference to the book again in footnote 26, I can use Stevens (n 1). This tells the reader to look at footnote 1 for a full reference to a source written by Stevens.
You can use this method of doing repeated references with case law and all types of secondary sources. However, the method of doing repeated references is different for legislation. Look at 'Repeated reference: Legislation' for further details.
Give a full reference to a case the first time it is mentioned in your work (see 'Footnotes'). After that, it can be cited using either ibid (see 'Repeated reference: When the footnotes are next to each other') or as below (when the footnotes are NOT next to each other).
For a civil case, use the first party name. For the example below, the case name - Phelps v Hillingdon LBC - was given in the text of the work and the case citation was given in footnote 14 when the case was first mentioned. The repeated reference is given in footnote 19.
For a criminal case, use the second party name. For the example below, the case name - R v Evans - was given in the text of the work and the case citation was given in footnote 11 when the case was first mentioned. The repeated reference is given in footnote 23.
For a case with a 'popular name', give this in brackets after the citation when the case is first referenced.
Give a full reference to the legislation the first time it is mentioned (see 'Footnotes'). After that, it can be cited as follows.
Use an abbreviated form of the title (initials of the main words) plus the year. Give this in round brackets after the citation when the legislation is first referenced. After that, use the abbreviated reference only.
For a legislation with a 'popular name', give this in brackets after the citation when the legislation is first referenced. After that, use the popular name only.
Secondary sources include: official materials; books; journals; websites and web documents.
Give a full reference to the source in a footnote the first time it is mentioned (see 'Footnotes').
After that, it can be cited using either ibid (if the footnotes are next to each other) or the author's last name and the footnote number where a full reference to the source is located (n ...). See 'Repeated reference: When the footnotes are NOT next to each other' for an example.
If there are multiple authors, ensure you include them as well.